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| October 1932 issue |
“I was totally imbued with the desire to be a good mother,” said Aurelia Plath, and a pink satin Baby Book now in the Sylvia Plath archives at the Lilly Library shows full-time new mother Aurelia recording joyfully on its pages her infant Sylvia's every gain.
Baby Books emerge in the U.S. around 1880. They require literacy and leisure and parents who expected children to grow up; in 1900, that’s three children out of four. Mass-produced baby books reached peak popularity around the time Sylvia was born in 1932. Among the mothers of the twenties and thirties faithfully tracking in writing their children’s progress was Rose Kennedy, inspired by The Care and Feeding of Children (1894), a bestseller by a New York hospital pediatrician who made patient “charts” mandatory after seeing nurses keeping them.
Intensified scientific interest in child rearing—the phrase
“child care” first appears in 1915—designated “early childhood” the most
critical phase. Writing in baby books (kept almost exclusively for firstborns!) made new middle-class
mothers feel scientific but anxious, and therefore willing to pay for expert advice. Aurelia subscribed before Sylvia’s birth to Parents’ magazine.
Most fatefully for Sylvia, Parents’ in the 1930s mainstreamed in the U.S. the quite novel idea that the goal of education was for children to
be happy. Aurelia, like her contemporaries, was raised “to be good,” meaning “to
bow to authority.” “Happiness” was incidental; the root of “happy” means “good fortune,” and no parent can guarantee happiness. That churchmouse Aurelia was an ultra-modern mother, raising her children “to be happy” starting with feedings on demand and continuing along the
lines set out by Friedrich Froebel, founder of “kindergarten.” He said children should have
creative toys, sing and read and hear stories, be reasoned with, and follow
their own interests.
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| A modern Baby Book, 2023 ($27). |
But it seems that after the kindergarten stage Aurelia imposed happiness as a household norm. Sylvia learned to hate it when Aurelia kept repeating that she only wanted her children to be happy.
Sylvia Plath as a mother consulted the manual Baby and
Child Care (1946), which moved the child-rearing goalposts: It said the goal
was to make children feel loved. Sylvia was rarely happy and did not feel loved, and Aurelia, “good” by any lights but her daughter’s, met the same fate.
[1] Founded in 1922, Parents ceased publishing its print edition in 2022.